Electricians toolbox talk pack

This talk is about electricity on this job: the building we are opening up, the tools we plug in, and any overhead line or buried cable we could reach. HSE's page on electrical systems in buildings says electricity can kill, and that unlike most other hazards you cannot see it, feel it, hear it or smell it, so there is no warning. The law says you must take precautions against death or injury from electricity during construction work. Refurbishment is the greatest risk, and it has to be planned, managed and monitored. Specialist electrical work is only for people who are trained and competent, following strict procedures. The equipment has to be safe and maintained.

HSE says about three workers are electrocuted each year during refurbishment on commercial and domestic buildings. Further deaths happen in incidents with overhead power lines and underground cables. I am using that figure as HSE states it. I have not updated it. Incidents inside buildings involve electricians and other trades. They happen when equipment was assumed to be dead but was live, or was known to be live and the precautions were not enough. Plumbers and joiners are named, not only electricians. Electricians are not immune either. HSE says a number of the electrocutions involve qualified electricians.

The people planning a refurbishment have to understand the electrical system and talk to the occupier, so the work does not compromise the system or the people. If the work, including labouring, joinery or plumbing, is liable to disturb or damage the existing system, the relevant parts should be isolated. Electrical contractors should not work live if it can be avoided, and they should not make a system live before the work is finished and everything is installed correctly. Safe isolation procedures must be followed at all times. A chat photo of a consumer unit is not isolation. If we do not know whether it is dead, we treat it as live and we stop until someone competent has isolated it and proved it.

Tools are the everyday risk. HSE says tools, plugs and cables designed for DIY and domestic use are not suitable for site conditions. Use cordless tools, or tools on a 110 volt centre-tapped-to-earth supply, so the maximum voltage to earth does not exceed 55 volts. Inspect power tools regularly and take them out of service if they are damaged. A qualified electrician services them. No makeshift repairs. Where 230 volt mains equipment is used, the risk is high if a tool, a lead or the equipment is damaged or faulty. HSE's checks for 230 volt equipment are a visual check for damage every shift, a visual inspection every week, and a combined inspection and test before first use on a site and then every month. Records of those checks should be kept. An RCD detects some faults, not all of them, and switches the supply off quickly. It has to be properly installed and enclosed, checked daily, treated with care, kept free of moisture and dirt, and protected against vibration and mechanical damage. An RCD is not a reason to leave a damaged lead in use.

Lighting on a temporary system needs the same care. Protect cabling and bulbs. A broken bulb can leave a live filament. Check bulbs so the site stays both electrically safe and well lit. The fire talk covers lamps as an ignition source. This talk covers the shock.

Overhead lines are a separate hazard, and ladders, scaffold tubes, tippers, lorry-mounted cranes and MEWPs are on HSE's list of what reaches them. Accidental contact kills people and causes serious injuries. So does a flashover, when a person or an object gets too close without touching the line. Going close can be enough. Voltages lower than 230 volts can kill. Do not mistake a line on a wooden pole for a telephone wire. Electricity can bypass wood, plastic or rubber if it is damp or dirty. Do not rely on gloves or rubber boots. Assume a line is live unless the owner has proved otherwise. Find out whether a line crosses the work or the access before you arrive with a high vehicle. The information comes from the distribution network operator. If a line is there, talk to the owner in time for it to be diverted or made dead, or for other precautions.

HSE's order is to eliminate the danger where you can: do the work somewhere else, have the line diverted, or have it made dead. If you cannot, control the access and the work. Barriers go at the clearance distance the distribution network operator gives you. Passageways under a line should be as narrow as the plant needs and should cross at right angles where possible. If work under a live line cannot be avoided, use barriers, goal posts and warning notices, keep anything that could reach past the safe clearance out of the area, and put physical restraints on cranes, excavators and telehandlers so they cannot be altered on the day. Someone suitable supervises the plant. The ladder talk includes HSE's rule: do not work within 6 metres horizontally of an overhead line unless it has been made dead or protected with insulation.

If a vehicle or a load touches a line, HSE says stay in the cab and tell the distribution network operator immediately. Warn everyone else to stay clear. Try to drive clear. If you have to get out because of fire, jump clear. Do not climb down the steps. Never try to untangle the equipment until the owner of the line has confirmed it is dead and safe. A line can trip out and then re-energise on its own, without warning. Keep the operator's number in the cab and on the phone before you need it.

Buried cables are on the same HSE page as a cause of further deaths. This talk does not invent a scanning method. If we do not know where the services are, from the occupier, the drawings, or the operator, we do not dig, drill or drive a pin through them. We stop and find out. Today: what is live, what has been isolated and proved, what voltage the tools are on, and where any line crosses the access. If the answer is that we are not sure, we do not start.

This is an awareness talk. It is not training to work on asbestos. HSE says asbestos awareness training does not allow you to work on asbestos. If you have not had the training for the work, you do not start.

HSE says asbestos is the greatest cause of work-related deaths in Great Britain. Around 5,000 people die every year from asbestos-related diseases. Those diseases typically take decades to develop, and they cannot be cured. The fibres are too small to see, smell, or feel, in the air or on your clothes. You will not know they are there.

Asbestos was used in many buildings until it was banned in 1999. Buildings constructed after 2000 are unlikely to contain it. A lot of it is still in place. People who work on the structure of older buildings can still be exposed if it is damaged or disturbed. HSE names drilling into a wall, refurbishment, demolition, and installation work. You are more likely to meet it if the building was built or refurbished before 2000, if nobody inspected the area, or if the information was not passed on.

Left alone and in good condition, HSE says the risk is low. Once it is disturbed, fibres can be released and breathed in. That can cause lung disease and cancer, which could prove fatal. Do not sand it, break it, drill it, or sweep dust you cannot account for, to 'see what it is'. You cannot identify it as safe by looking at it.

If you come across any material you think may contain asbestos, HSE's instruction to workers is: stop work, and speak to your employer, or the building owner, to find out if asbestos is in the building. Your employer should ask to see the asbestos register or survey, and check there is enough information to do the work. If you are breaking into the fabric, a refurbishment survey may be required. Do not do any work until that has been completed. Even if a survey exists, it might not have found every location. Assume it can still be hidden.

If asbestos is disturbed, stop work immediately. HSE says it must be dealt with quickly, and points workers to the guidance on what to do if you discover or accidentally disturb asbestos, the sheet EM1. Follow that. Do not try to tidy it, bag it, or carry on with a dust mask from the van because you want to finish the room.

Some work has to be done by a licensed asbestos contractor. HSE's worker page says: if in doubt, assume the work is licensed and stop until you are told otherwise.

If you are self-employed, HSE's worker page says you are responsible. The introduction to the same guidance says a self-employed person has the same responsibilities under the law as an employer and a worker. That does not mean you assess the material yourself and carry on. It means the duty to stop, and to get the right information and the right people, sits with you.

On a domestic job, contractors still have to protect people from the risks of their work, including asbestos-containing materials. The homeowner being in the house is not a reason to take a chance on a cupboard, a soffit, a floor tile, or a heating flue. Ask what the building is, and what year the part you are opening was built or refurbished. If nobody knows, stop and find out before you open it.

What you do today, if you are unsure: stop, tell the person in charge of this site, and do not let anyone else start the same hole. Show them the HSE pages linked under this talk if they want the source. Do not photograph it and ask a chat tool whether it is asbestos. A photo is not a survey.

This talk is about dust from cutting, drilling, grinding, or polishing materials that contain silica. Bricks, tiles, concrete, and mortar contain it. Sandstone contains more than 70 percent silica. Granite might contain 15 to 30 percent. Those figures are HSE's. The fine dust is respirable crystalline silica, RCS. It is too fine to see in normal lighting. If the air looks clear, that is not proof it is safe.

HSE says silica is the biggest risk to construction workers after asbestos. Heavy and prolonged exposure to RCS can cause lung cancer and other serious lung diseases. Silicosis can cause severe breathing problems and increases the risk of lung infections. It usually follows exposure over many years, but extremely high exposures can cause acute silicosis more quickly. HSE also links silica to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema. HSE commissioned estimates that silica dust was responsible for the death of over 500 construction workers in 2005. That figure is for 2005. It is not a count I have updated, and it is not a reason to treat today's cut as harmless.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, COSHH, say you must protect against the risks from hazardous construction dust. HSE's leaflet for employees, INDG463, says control measures for RCS must be effective in keeping exposure below the workplace exposure limit of 0.1 milligrams per cubic metre of respirable dust, averaged over 8 hours. That is a limit for the controls to meet. It is not a target to work up to, and it is not something you can judge by eye.

Stop the dust getting into the air. HSE's construction dust sheet, CIS36, gives two main ways. Water damps the cloud down, but only if enough water is supplied at the right levels for the whole time the work is being done. Just wetting the material beforehand does not work. On-tool extraction removes dust as it is produced. It is local exhaust ventilation fitted to the tool: the tool, a capturing hood, an extraction unit, and tubing. Use an extraction unit to the correct specification. Do not just use a general commercial vacuum.

For silica, choose an H class or M class extraction unit. HSE's sheet on on-tool extraction, CIS69, says those units provide effective and reliable extraction and are fitted with low-flow indicators. Do not put a HEPA filter in a general commercial vacuum and call it done. An L class unit is only suitable for lower-toxicity dusts such as gypsum in plasterboard. It is not the unit for silica. The hood has to sit as close as possible to the work. Dust escapes through any gap. Empty the unit into the correct disposable waste bags, seal them, and put them in the right waste container. Do not empty the bags to recycle them. If you hire the unit, check with the hire company what examination they have done.

Water or extraction may not be enough. Often RPE has to be provided as well. HSE says the general level for construction dust is an assigned protection factor, APF, of 20. That means the wearer breathes one twentieth of the dust in the air. Common types at APF 20 are an FFP3 disposable mask, or a half mask with a P3 filter. For longer work, powered RPE such as a TH2 powered hood. CIS36 says consider powered RPE when people are working for more than an hour without a break, because disposable masks and half masks get uncomfortable. RPE is the last line of protection. If you are relying on RPE alone, HSE says you need to be able to justify why. Tight-fitting masks need a face-fit test, and the wearer needs to be clean shaven. The mask has to be the one that fits that person, not the one left on the dashboard.

For regular removal of dust and debris, CIS36 says damp it, or use vacuum attachments on an H or M class unit, and RPE with an APF of 20 depending on the location, the duration, and the dust. A brush, shovel, and bucket, after damping down, is described for minor one-off amounts, not as the everyday clean. Keep other people out of the dusty area. If the work still looks dusty, the control is not doing its job. Stop and tell the person in charge. Do not carry on and hope the mask will cover it.

On-tool extraction needs a thorough examination and test at least every 14 months, by someone with the right knowledge, and a record that it was done. CIS69 also says formal maintenance checks at least once a week, and more often if the kit is getting damaged. A blocked filter is not a small annoyance. It is the control switched off.

This is a short talk about working at height on this site, today. Listen for the job in front of us, not for a generic roof.

HSE's meaning is plain. You are working at height if, without precautions, you could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury. That includes work above the ground or the floor. It includes a fall from an edge, through an opening, or through a fragile surface. It also includes a fall from ground level into an opening in a floor, or a hole in the ground. A slip or a trip on the same level is not work at height. Walking up and down a permanent staircase in a building is not work at height either. Those are still hazards. They are a different talk.

The Work at Height Regulations 2005 apply where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury. HSE says the duties sit with employers, and with anyone who controls work at height, such as a contractor. The work has to be properly planned and organised. The people doing it have to be competent, or supervised by someone who is. The risks have to be assessed, and the equipment has to match the job. Risks from fragile surfaces have to be managed. Equipment used for work at height has to be inspected and maintained.

HSE's order is the order we use. First, can we avoid the work at height? Do as much as we can from the ground. An extendable tool, or putting the work together before it goes up, is better than climbing. If we cannot avoid it, we prevent the fall. Collective protection comes before a harness: an existing safe place with a permanent guard rail, a scaffold, a tower, or a MEWP. A work-restraint system that stops you reaching the edge is personal protection, and it comes after those collective measures. If a fall can still happen, we shorten the distance and the consequences: nets or soft-landing systems close to the work, or a fall-arrest system with a high anchor. For each step, HSE says consider what is reasonably practicable, and use collective protection before personal protection.

Plan how we would get someone down before anyone goes up. HSE says do not rely only on the emergency services for the rescue in that plan.

Ladders and stepladders are not banned. HSE says they can be a sensible and practical option for low-risk, short-duration tasks, and they should not automatically be the first choice. The regulations allow a ladder when a risk assessment has shown that equipment offering a higher level of fall protection is not justified, because of the low risk and short duration, or because there are existing workplace features which cannot be altered. Short duration is not the deciding factor on its own. Look at the risk first. As a guide, if the task would mean staying on a leaning ladder or a stepladder for more than 30 minutes at a time, HSE recommends you consider alternative equipment. Use a ladder only where it can be used safely: level and stable, and secured where it is reasonably practicable. Use the right type. The person on it needs to know how to use it. Do not overload it, and do not overreach.

On construction work, HSE says handrails have a minimum height of 950 millimetres, and any gap between the top rail and an intermediate rail should not exceed 470 millimetres. Toe boards have to be suitable and sufficient. HSE gives a toe board of a minimum 100 millimetres as an example that would be acceptable.

Roof work is high risk. HSE says falls from roofs, through fragile roofs, and through fragile roof lights are one of the most common causes of workplace death and serious injury. Treat these as likely to be fragile unless you know they are not: roof lights, liner panels on built-up sheeted roofs, non-reinforced fibre cement sheets, corroded metal sheets, glass including wired glass, rotted chipboard, and slates and tiles.

Before anyone goes up today, check the place. HSE says each place where people will work at height needs to be checked every time, before use. Weather that could compromise safety is a reason to stop. Stop materials or objects falling, or keep people out of the area if you cannot stop the fall. If the access is not what the method for this job says, we stop and change the method. We do not change it by climbing anyway.

This talk is about portable leaning ladders and stepladders, on this job, today. The working-at-height talk is the one about whether we should be climbing at all. HSE's ladder overview says ladders and stepladders are not banned. The law calls for a sensible, proportionate approach. A ladder can be a sensible and practical option for low-risk, short-duration tasks. It should not automatically be the first choice. Use the right type, and know how to use it. If the task needs a scaffold, a tower or a MEWP, this talk is not permission to use the ladder because it is already on the roof rack.

Before anyone climbs, they need the manufacturer's instructions to hand, and they do a pre-use check. HSE says the person using the ladder does that check, at the beginning of the working day, and again after something has changed. A ladder that has been dropped, or moved from dirty ground to a clean floor, gets checked again. Look at the stiles. If they are bent or damaged, the ladder could buckle or collapse. Look at the feet. Missing, worn or damaged feet can slip. When you move from soft or dirty ground, such as dug soil, loose stone or a dirty workshop, onto paving, check that the feet themselves are touching the ground, not a lump of soil or a stone stuck in the foot. Look at the rungs. Bent, worn, missing or loose rungs can fail. Look at the locking mechanism. If it does not work, or parts are bent or worn, the ladder could collapse. Locking bars have to be fully engaged. On a stepladder, a split or buckled platform can make it unstable, and contaminated or loose steps can slip or collapse. If you find any of that, do not use the ladder. Tell the person in charge.

A pre-use check is not the same as the employer's inspection. HSE says pre-use checks do not need to be recorded. Problems get reported. The employer also needs a detailed visual inspection, regularly, by a competent person, in line with the manufacturer's instructions, and that one is recorded. Ladders that are part of a scaffold are still inspected every seven days as part of the scaffold inspection. Only use a ladder with no visible defects, an up-to-date inspection record, that is strong enough for the job, and that has been maintained and stored as the manufacturer says. The inspection looks for damaged feet, twisted or dented stiles, cracked or loose rungs, missing tie rods, and cracked welds, loose rivets or damaged stays.

Where it stands matters as much as the ladder. HSE's list: firm ground, level ground, using the manufacturer's levelling device rather than bricks, blocks or bits of timber, and a clean solid surface with no oil, moss, leaves, sand or packaging. A shiny floor can be slippery even when it looks clean. Keep it where vehicles will not strike it. Use barriers or cones. Secure doors and windows that could push it, and do not block a fire exit to do that. Stop the public using it, walking under it, or standing too close. Barriers or cones first. A person standing guard at the bottom is the last resort. The ladder has to be secured.

On a leaning ladder, carry only light materials and tools. Read the label and assess the load, including your own weight. Do not overreach. HSE's test is that your belt buckle, or your navel, stays within the stiles. The ladder has to be long enough. Do not work off the top three rungs, and try to have the ladder extend at least 1 metre, or three rungs, above where you are working. Use the 1-in-4 rule so the angle is about 75 degrees: one unit out for every four units up. Grip the ladder and face the rungs when you climb or come down. Do not slide down the stiles. Do not move or extend it while you are standing on the rungs. Do not stand it on a pallet, bricks, a lift truck, a tower, an excavator bucket, a van or a MEWP. Do not hold items as you climb if you can use a tool belt. Maintain three points of contact when climbing and, wherever possible, at the work position. If you cannot keep a handhold, other than for a brief moment such as starting a nail, you need another way to prevent a fall or to reduce the consequences. Tie the ladder so it cannot slip out or sideways, and rest it on something solid, not glazing or a plastic gutter. A stability device is worth considering if it is the right one and it is used as the maker says.

Do not work within 6 metres horizontally of any overhead power line, unless the line has been made dead or protected with insulation. For any electrical work, use a non-conductive ladder, such as fibreglass or timber. The electrical safety talk covers the rest of live services. A ladder is one of the long items HSE names as a risk near overhead lines.

A stepladder has its own rules. All four feet on the ground, steps level, locking devices engaged. Do not stand and work on the top three steps, including a step that forms the very top, unless there is a suitable handhold. Face the work where you can. A risk assessment can show that side-on is safer in a tight space, but that is the exception, and the locks still have to be fully engaged. Avoid side loading, such as drilling side-on through brick or concrete. If you cannot avoid it, tie the steps so they cannot tip, or use better access. Three points of contact at the working position means two feet and one hand, or, when both hands are needed for a brief period, two feet and your body supported by the stepladder.

Telescopic ladders are leaning ladders that do not all work the same way. Use, store and transport them with care, and keep them clean, as well as following the rest of this guidance. If the check fails, the ladder stays on the ground. We do not climb it to prove it is fine.

This talk is about people working alone on this job. HSE's definition is plain. You are a lone worker if you work by yourself without close or direct supervision. That includes the person who is the only one of us in a customer's house, the one who has gone back to the van, and the one who is on the tools while the rest of us are on another floor and cannot see them. It is not only night security. If nobody is close enough to help, they are working alone.

HSE says an employer must manage any health and safety risks before people can work alone. That applies to anyone contracted to work for you, including self-employed people. The worker page says the same duty covers a contractor, a freelancer, or someone who is self-employed. There will always be greater risks for lone workers without direct supervision, or without anyone to help if things go wrong. HSE also says many lone workers are exposed to work-related road risks. The driving talk is that part. This talk is the person on the job.

The leaflet INDG73 says lone workers face the same hazards as anyone else, but there is a greater risk of those hazards causing harm, because they may not have anyone to help or support them if things go wrong. The employer should provide training, supervision, monitoring and support. The hazard does not change because they are alone. The consequence does. A fall, a cut, or a customer who turns, is a different event when nobody else is in the building.

Under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, HSE says you must manage the risk to lone workers. Think about who will be involved, and which hazards could harm those working alone. You must train, supervise and monitor them, keep in touch, and respond to any incident. When a lone worker will be at someone else's workplace, you must ask that employer about any risks and control measures, so they are protected. On a domestic job there may be no other employer. We still ask what the house is, who is in it, and how we will know the person has finished and left.

HSE's list of risks that particularly affect lone workers is violence, stress and mental health or wellbeing, a person's medical suitability to work alone, and the workplace itself, for example if it is rural or isolated. Certain high-risk work requires at least one other person. HSE's list is work in a confined space, where a supervisor may need to be there along with someone in a rescue role, work near exposed live electricity conductors, diving operations, vehicles carrying explosives, and fumigation. If today's job is on that list, it is not a lone job. We do not talk ourselves into it because the second person is on another site.

Violence does not always mean a higher risk because someone is alone, but HSE says it does make workers more vulnerable. The lack of nearby support makes it harder to prevent an incident. HSE defines violence as any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work. That includes verbal threats. The key risks on that page include late evening or early morning work, when fewer people are around, workers who have authority and are enforcing rules, people affected by alcohol or drugs, and carrying money or valuable equipment. A van full of kit on a dark drive is part of this. Training should help people recognise when they feel at risk, and use conflict resolution or leave. If someone has already had an incident, HSE says put measures in place to support them, and workers identify and report incidents.

Lone working can cause work-related stress and affect mental health. HSE says its stress standards include relationships with, and support from, other workers, and that being away from managers and colleagues can make it difficult to get proper support. Put procedures in place so a manager can have direct contact and recognise signs of stress early. If contact is poor, people may feel disconnected, isolated or abandoned, which can affect performance and stress. The mental health talk is the longer version. This talk is the check-in. If you are unsure whether someone's health condition means they are safe to work alone, HSE says get medical advice. Think about routine work and about emergencies that put extra physical and mental burden on them.

Emergencies have to be planned, not improvised. HSE says put emergency procedures in place and train lone workers in how to use them. The risk assessment may indicate they should carry first aid equipment, receive first aid training including how to use first aid on themselves, and have access to adequate first aid facilities. The procedures should include how and when they contact their employer, including any emergency numbers. You must monitor lone workers and keep in touch. They have to understand the system. HSE's examples are supervisors visiting and observing, knowing where people are with pre-agreed intervals of contact by phone, radio or email, other devices for raising the alarm that work manually or automatically, and a reliable way to know the person has returned to base when the task is done. Test the system, and the emergency procedure, so it works when you need it. Set limits on what can be done while working alone. A new person, a new situation, or a job with specific risks needs more supervision, not less.

If you are the person working alone, HSE says you must take care of your own health and safety and that of others who may be harmed by what you do, and you must cooperate so everyone can meet their duties. If you are concerned, talk to your employer, a manager or supervisor, or a health and safety representative. On this job the practical version is short. Who is alone today, for which part of the day? What is the check-in, and who answers if it is missed? What are they not allowed to do alone? Where is the first aid kit they can actually reach? If the answer is that we will see them when they get back, that is not a system.

This talk is about moving things by hand on this site. Manual handling, in HSE's words, means transporting or supporting a load by hand or bodily force. It includes lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying, or moving loads. A load can be an object, a person, or an animal. On our jobs it is usually boards, bags, a boiler, a length of timber, or a skip that should have been moved with a barrow.

HSE's page is written for employers. It says you must protect workers from the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling. The law sets out three steps. Avoid hazardous manual handling, so far as reasonably practicable. Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that cannot be avoided. Reduce the risk of injury to as low as reasonably practicable. The weight of a load is important. The law does not set specific weight limits. Do not let anyone on this site invent a kilogram figure and call it the legal maximum. There isn't one on that page.

In some cases you must provide information about the weight, and the position of the centre of gravity, of each load, if there is a risk of injury and it is reasonably practicable to do this. If the bag or the board has the weight on it, read it out before someone picks it up. If it does not, say that we do not know, and treat that as a reason to be careful, not as a reason to guess.

Good handling technique is not a substitute for the other steps. HSE says that plainly. Lifting aids, a lighter load, a shorter carry, a clear route, and a second person come first. The technique is an addition to those measures, not a replacement.

When a lift still has to be done by hand, HSE describes a basic lift with both hands, the load in front of the body and close to it, without twisting. Think before you lift. Where is it going? Can a handling aid do it? Do you need help? Clear the wrapping and the offcuts. For a long lift, from the floor to shoulder height, think about resting it mid-way so you can change your grip.

Keep the load close to your waist for as long as possible. Keep the heaviest side next to your body. If you cannot get close, slide it towards you before you try to lift it. Feet apart, one leg in front of the other, so you can move your feet during the lift. Hug the load close. A slight bend of the back, hips, and knees at the start is preferable to stooping, or to a full deep squat. Do not flex your back any further while lifting. That happens if the legs straighten before the load starts to rise. Do not twist or lean sideways, especially while the back is bent. Turn by moving your feet. Keep your head up and look ahead once the load is secure. Move smoothly. Do not jerk. Do not lift more than you can easily manage. HSE says there is a difference between what people are able to lift and what they can safely lift. If in doubt, get help. If you need to position it precisely, put it down, then slide it.

If the route is wet, dark, or blocked, that is part of the risk, not a reason to hurry. The slips talk covers the floor. This talk covers the load. If today's method says two people, it stays two people.